In a recent email exchange over the various San Francisco proposals to deploy congestion pricing, a long-time road-tolling pundit remarked: "I'm not sold on GPS. It is expensive and unreliable as the Germans have found with their GPS-based Toll Collect for trucks on the autobahn system."
GPS (properly "GNSS") metering has come a long way since the 1990’s technology used in the 2003 Swiss and 2005 German systems. Companies from Germany, Austria, Italy, Canada and New Zealand all have reliable GPS metering in operation in the field and collecting revenue. Even the Toll Collect system resolved all their original reliability problems. In fact, Financial-grade GPS (FGPS) has been tested by Caltrans in San Francisco and has been reported here; and this page also provides a URL to the original draft report from Caltrans.
Compared to RFID, GPS technology is more flexible, more extensible, and cheaper for large systems. If the only thing San Francisco will do in the next 20 years is one cordon, then it should use RFID by all means. But if this is the camel's nose in the tent (and you and I know it is), then GPS should be used. Had FGPS been used in London instead of cameras, the initial system would have cost 200M instead of 500M and the western extension 20M instead of 500M. RFID is perfect for one-time, non-extensible use. It is no longer appropriate for systems that will be extended or need to be flexible.
A recent paper given at the 2010 Slovenian Traffic Congress talks about 10 reasons GNSS is better than microwave. Actually there are 11, but the author left out interoperability (since the GPS signals are non-proprietary), and it was too late to change the paper before delivery.
E-ZPass has 22M transponders and 3700 toll lanes equipped with readers. I would suggest that the 5-year replacement cost for this system at $1,000,000 per lane and $2 per vehicle (exclusive of operating costs) is $3.75B. Alternatively the 5-year replacement cost using GNSS road-use metering at $150 per vehicle is 3.3B. We would have to study the operational costs, as well, of course, but let’s assume they are a wash (they are not, because E-ZPass is more costly.)
So already, for large systems, the cost of GNSS rivals that of RFID. The bill of materials for a FGPS-based device in volume is already approaching $100, and will go lower. RFID prices no longer decline: materials will go up, labor will go up, power will go up, construction costs will go up, maintenance costs will go up, right-of-way costs will go up. But, GNSS prices will decline. As the pressure for tolling more and more of our network increases, the case for RFID which is already founded more on habit than understanding, continues to erode. Only its installed base and fear of change preserves its legacy. Its economics is failing.
We will certainly make the switch from RFID to GNSS. The question, now is only: "When?"
I think there is further evidence in the fact that Kapsch paid a measly $3.18 (about 1 drive’s-worth!) for each E-ZPass user or a paltry $2.9M for each of the 24 Toll Operators that are part of the E-ZPass group. They bought the (captive!) customer base for a song. As richer telematics platforms for the connected vehicle provide more and more features, and as FGPS-based parking, insurance and road tolling become simple apps on these platforms, dedicated transponders and the hideous clutter of gantries will no longer be the gold standard for tolling.
But congratulations to Kapsch for picking the pocket of America as she sleeps.
GPS (properly "GNSS") metering has come a long way since the 1990’s technology used in the 2003 Swiss and 2005 German systems. Companies from Germany, Austria, Italy, Canada and New Zealand all have reliable GPS metering in operation in the field and collecting revenue. Even the Toll Collect system resolved all their original reliability problems. In fact, Financial-grade GPS (FGPS) has been tested by Caltrans in San Francisco and has been reported here; and this page also provides a URL to the original draft report from Caltrans.
Compared to RFID, GPS technology is more flexible, more extensible, and cheaper for large systems. If the only thing San Francisco will do in the next 20 years is one cordon, then it should use RFID by all means. But if this is the camel's nose in the tent (and you and I know it is), then GPS should be used. Had FGPS been used in London instead of cameras, the initial system would have cost 200M instead of 500M and the western extension 20M instead of 500M. RFID is perfect for one-time, non-extensible use. It is no longer appropriate for systems that will be extended or need to be flexible.
A recent paper given at the 2010 Slovenian Traffic Congress talks about 10 reasons GNSS is better than microwave. Actually there are 11, but the author left out interoperability (since the GPS signals are non-proprietary), and it was too late to change the paper before delivery.
E-ZPass has 22M transponders and 3700 toll lanes equipped with readers. I would suggest that the 5-year replacement cost for this system at $1,000,000 per lane and $2 per vehicle (exclusive of operating costs) is $3.75B. Alternatively the 5-year replacement cost using GNSS road-use metering at $150 per vehicle is 3.3B. We would have to study the operational costs, as well, of course, but let’s assume they are a wash (they are not, because E-ZPass is more costly.)
So already, for large systems, the cost of GNSS rivals that of RFID. The bill of materials for a FGPS-based device in volume is already approaching $100, and will go lower. RFID prices no longer decline: materials will go up, labor will go up, power will go up, construction costs will go up, maintenance costs will go up, right-of-way costs will go up. But, GNSS prices will decline. As the pressure for tolling more and more of our network increases, the case for RFID which is already founded more on habit than understanding, continues to erode. Only its installed base and fear of change preserves its legacy. Its economics is failing.
We will certainly make the switch from RFID to GNSS. The question, now is only: "When?"
I think there is further evidence in the fact that Kapsch paid a measly $3.18 (about 1 drive’s-worth!) for each E-ZPass user or a paltry $2.9M for each of the 24 Toll Operators that are part of the E-ZPass group. They bought the (captive!) customer base for a song. As richer telematics platforms for the connected vehicle provide more and more features, and as FGPS-based parking, insurance and road tolling become simple apps on these platforms, dedicated transponders and the hideous clutter of gantries will no longer be the gold standard for tolling.
But congratulations to Kapsch for picking the pocket of America as she sleeps.